the glorious cause the american revolution

The Toleration Act 1688 granted freedom of worship to nonconformist Protestants, but restrictions on Catholics contained in the 16 English and Scottish Test Acts remained in force until 1828. Although Jacobitism persisted into the late 18th century, the Revolution ended a century of political dispute by confirming the primacy of Parliament over the Crown, a principle established in the Bill of Rights 1689. While the Revolution itself was quick and relatively bloodless, pro- Stuart revolts in Scotland and Ireland caused significant casualties. A separate but similar Scottish settlement was made in June. In April 1689, Parliament made William and Mary joint monarchs of England and Ireland. As he did so, the Royal Army disintegrated, and James went into exile in France on 23 December. On 5 November, he landed in Brixham, Devon with 20,000 men, and advanced on London. William wanted to prevent British military and financial resources being used against him in the Nine Years War, launched by Louis XIV of France in September 1688. A coalition of English politicians, soldiers and religious leaders issued the Invitation to William, asking him to intervene militarily and 'protect the Protestant religion'.

Many saw this as the latest in a series of attacks on the state church their acquittal on 30 June sparked widespread anti-Catholic riots and destroyed James's political authority. The second was the prosecution for seditious libel of seven bishops from the Protestant Church of England. The first was the birth on 10 June of a male heir, James Francis Edward, displacing Mary and creating the prospect of a Catholic dynasty. Two events in June 1688 turned dissatisfaction into a political crisis. James soon lost popular support by suspending the Parliaments of Scotland and England in 1685, and thereafter ruling by personal decree. Many feared his exclusion would cause a repetition of the 1639–1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, while it was viewed as a short-term issue, since the heir presumptive was his Protestant elder daughter Mary. ĭespite being Catholic, James became king in February 1685 with widespread support from the Protestant majority in England and Scotland. Known as the Glorieuze Overtocht or Glorious Crossing in the Netherlands, it has been described both as the last successful invasion of England as well as an internal coup. The Glorious Revolution is the term first used in 1689 to summarise events leading to the deposition of James II and VII of England, Ireland and Scotland in November 1688, and his replacement by his daughter Mary II and her husband and James's nephew William III of Orange, de facto ruler of the Dutch Republic.

The glorious cause the american revolution